Kinds of text which students of high schools should study when learning English

These variations are known as GENRES, types of text, or kinds of text but NOT text forms. Now we will see the summary of all kids of text.

Text Types 1: NARRATIVE
Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation (optional)
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged

Narrative text can be simple a story. For more explanation you can read:

• What is Narrative? Defintition and sample text
• Kinds of narrative story learned in high schooll
• 16 Contoh Terbaik Narrative Text Pendek

Text Types 2: RECOUNT
Purpose:
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives

Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.

The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure

Recount text is used in various form. For more explanation, you can read:

• What is Recount? Definition and sample
• Past tenses used in recount text
• Kumpulan Contoh Recount Text Bahasa Inggris Terbaik

Text Types 3: DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose:
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms

For more explanation on descriptive text, you can read:

• What is Descriptive Text? Pengertian dan contoh
• The difference between descriptive text and report text
• 9 Contoh Descriptive Text Pendek Bahasa Inggris

Text Types 4: REPORT
Purpose:
To presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure:
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature:
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense

For more explanation on report text, you can read:

• What is Report Text? Pengertian dan contoh
• 10 Contoh Report Text Bahasa Inggris

Text Types 5: EXPLANATION
Purpose:
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect

For more study on explanation text, you can read:

• What is Explanation? Pengertian dan contoh
• 16 Contoh Explanation Text Terbaik bahasa Inggris

Text Types 6: ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition

You can read more about explanation text on the following articles:

• What is Analytical Exposition? Defintition and sample
• 12 Contoh Analytical Exposition Terbaik Bahasa Inggris

Text Types 7: HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition

Articles about hortatory exposition can be found more on:

• What is Hortatory Exposition? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kumpulan Contoh Text Hortatory ExpositionTerbaik dalam Bahasa inggris

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done

Text Types 8: PROCEDURE
Purpose:
To help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms

If you like to read more about procedure text, you can read the following articles:

• What is Procedure? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kumpulan Contoh Procedure Text Bahasa Inggris

Text tyeps 9: DISCUSSION
Purpose:
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner

Explanations more on discussion text can be read on:

• What is Discussion? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kumpulan Contoh Discussion Text Terbaik dalam Bahasa Inggris

Text Types 10: REVIEW
Purpose:
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor

Review text can be found more on:

• What is Review? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kumpulan contoh review text lengkap dalam bahasa Inggris

Text Types 11: ANECDOTE
Purpose:
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions

Finding more on anecdote text, you can read:

• What is Anecdote? Pengertian dan contoh
• The Best Example of Anecdote Text – From Bankrupt Candle to Best Seller Soap

Text Types 12: SPOOF
Purpose:
To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged

Read more about spoof text on the following articles:

• What is Spoof? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kinds of twist in spoof text ending
• 12 Contoh Spoof Text Terbaik dengan TWIST Berbeda

Text Tyeps 13: NEWS ITEM
Purpose:
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event
2. Background events
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner

If need more explanation on news item text, you can read:

• What is News Item? Pengertian dan contoh
• Kumpulan Contoh News Item Text dalam Bahasa inggris

This is the summary of all English text types learned in high schools. Remember that it is impossible to build a long text in English only through one single types. In functional writing, a text will be structured with a combination of two or more genres to achieve the writer’s goal.

Pengertian Subjunctive

Subjunctive adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membayangkan akibat dari sesuatu yang tidak ada atau tidak terjadi, yang dapat berupa wish (harapan), requirements (kebutuhan), dan suggestion(saran). Atau dengan kata lain, makna kalimat subjunctive ini selalu berlawanan dengan kenyataan atau fakta.

Kata-kata yang digunakan dalam subjunctive adalah “wish”(menginginkan/ mengharapkan), “as if/ as though” (seolah-olah), “would rather” (lebih suka), “if only” (seandainya/ jika saja).

Fungsi Subjunctive

As if/ as though digunakan untuk menyatakan keadaan yang tidak benar kenyataan atau faktanya.

Wish, would rather, dan if only digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau keinginan.

Rumus Penggunaan Subjunctive

1.    Future Subjunctive

Future Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa yang akan datang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense.

Wish	Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would + Verb 1

Contoh:

I wish you would come to the party tonight.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)

(Faktanya: He will not come to the party tonight)

CATATAN

Walaupun jarang digunakan, tetapi Future Subjunctive terkadang masih sering kita jumpai, jadi lebih baik kita mengenalinya juga. Sebagai gantinya bisa menggunakan Present Subjunctive.

2.    Present Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa sekarang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense.

Wish	Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were
As if /As though	Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were
Would rather	Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were
If only	If only + Subject + Verb 2

CATATAN

Pada bentuk Present Subjunctive, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk ke-2 (VERB 2), dan jika harus menggunakan to be, harus menggunakan “were” untuk semua jenis Subject.

Contoh:

I wish you visited me.

(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu mengunjungi saya.)

(Faktanya: You don’t visit me.)

The girl dresses as if it were summer now.

(Artinya: Perempuan itu berpakaian seolah-olah sekarang musim panas.)

(Faktanya: it is not summer now.)

Shelly would rather he told the truth.

(Artinya: Shelly lebih suka dia mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)

(Faktanya: He doesn’t tell the truth.)

If only she knew.

(Artinya: Seandainya dia tau.)

(Faktanya: She doesn’t know.)

3.    Past Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa lampau, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Wish	Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been
As if /As though	Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been
Would rather	Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been
If only	If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh:

She wished (that) she had had more time last night.

(Artinya: Dia berharap bahwa dia punya waktu lebih kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: She didn’t have more time last night.)

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost.

(Artinya: Jeff terlihat seolah-olah dia telah melihat hantu.)

(Faktanya: He didn’t see a ghost.)

I would rather he had been here.

(Artinya: Saya lebih suka dia sudah berada disini.)

(Faktanya: He was not here.)

If only Rachel had not been at home last night

(Artinya: Seandainya Rachel sudah tidak ada di rumah kemarin malam.)

(Faktanya: Rachel was at home last night.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

            Pola conditional merupakan bentuk kalimat pengandaian dengan cirri hadirnya kata “jika/apabila”, yang umumnya dinyatakan dengan kata “if”. Terdapat dua kategori besar pola pengandaian yakni: “the real” (factual dan habitual) dan unreal (contrary to the fact).

            “The real conditional”, yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah “future conditional”, merupakan pola lamunan yang menyatakan sesuatu memiliki peluang untuk terjadi bila syarat tertentu terpenuhi – selanjutnya disebut “conditional type 1”.

            “The unreal conditional” merupakan pola lamunan yang merupakan pengingkaran dari fakta sebenarnya akan atau sedang yang telah terjadi, yang dibicarakan sebenarnya tidak atau tidak akan terjadi.

            “Unreal conditional” ini memilikii dua varian yakni, pertama lamunan yang berkontradiksi dengan yang sebenarnya terjadi sekarang, dan lebih dikenal dengan “present conditional” atau “conditional type 2”.

            Dan lamunan yang kedua yang berkontradiksi dengan apa yang sebenarnya sudah terjadi, yang lebih dikenal dengan “past conditional” atau “conditional type 3”.

§  Future Conditional (Type 1)

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi pada waktu mendatang ataupun sekarang jika syarat / kondisi tertentu terpenuhi.

Rumus :                If + Simple Present Tense, Simple Future Tense

If + S1 + V1 + S2 +      will         + V1               Note: S1 = subject 1                                        Can                                         S2 = subject 2                                        may                                        must

            Example : If Serly comes, I will give her a flower

                             He will not go to the party if it rains

§  Present Conditional (Type 2)

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang ada / terjadi sekarang atau belakangan ini.

Rumus :                If + Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Future Tense

If + S1 + V2 + S2 +     would     + V1               Note : S1 = subject 1                                       Could                                       S2 = subject 2                                       might

            Example : If I had time, I would go to the beach with you

                             He would tell you about it if he were here

NOTE :

            Dalam conditional type 2, hanya to be “were” yang digunakan untuk semua subject.

Dalam conditional type 2 ini, penggunaan kata “if” bisa dihilangkan dengan menggunakan pola inversi, tanpa mengubah artinya:

Rumus :

Were + S1 + O + S2 +     would        + V1                                           could                                           might

          Note : S1 = subject 1                            O = Object (adjective/adverb/noun)

                       S2 = subject 2

            Example : Were he here, he would take care of our problem

                             Were I movie star, I would be very famous

                             Were I you, I would start packing now

§  Past Conditional (Type 3)

Pengandaian ini menyatakan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan apa yang telah terjadi/sesuatu yang sudah berlaku.

Rumus :                If + Simple Past Perfect Tense, Simple Past Future Perfect

           

If + S1 + Had V3/been + S2 +    would      + Have V3/been                                                      could                                                      might

            Example : If I had known you were there, I would have written you a love letter

                             If you had asked me, I would have told you the story

NOTE : S1 = subject 1

              S2 = subject 2

Bentuk inversi (pola tanpa if) untuk type ini adalah:

Had + Subject 1 + V3/been + Subject 2 +    would    + have V3/been                                                                       could                                                                       might

            Example : Had I gone to the party, I would have met her

            Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I would not have lent him

PENGGUNAAN TO BE GOING TO (FUTURE TENSE)

      a.   Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yg akan dilakukan pada waktu akan datang , tetapi  TO BE GOING TO lebih kuat / pasti dari pada WILL dan SHALL

           Example:         - I am going to take an aspirin for my headache

                                    - I am going to write to you often

                                    - He is going to answer lisa’ss letter today

                                    - I am going to talk to professor kim tomorrow 

1. Commande or request = Perintah / memohon pada seseorang untuk melakukan perbuatan    

            itu

            Example:        - Will you answer the telephone, please?

                                    - Will you join me for a cup of coffee?

                                    - Will you open the door, please?

                                    - Shall I answer the telephone for you?

                                    - Shall we go?

           Perbedaan SHALL & WILL adalah kalau will digunakan orang pertama dan kalau shall      digunakan untuk orang pertama & ketiga dalam percakapan

2. Clauses of Condition: Kondisi / keadaan suatu kalimat . Biasanya disertai dg kata         sambung (conjunction) seperti =if,when,as soon as,whenever , etc.  

            Example:        - When he comes, I”ll gives him your message                          

                                    - He will take aspiin if he has headache

            Adverbs /keterangan yg sering dipakai adalah:

            When               = ketika                 The day after tomorrow     = lusa

            While               = ketika                 Next                 = yg akan datang

            If                     = jika                     Tonight            = malam ini

            Whenever        = kapanpun            On Sunday      = pada hari minggu

            Tomorrow       = besok                  on ……            = pada hari / bulan... Etc

POLITE REQUEST

Asking for help / asking for favor:

·         Would you ………….   (+ VI / be)?

·         Would you like..............(+ to VI)?

·         Could you……………  (+ VI / be)?

·         Do you mind…………  (+ V ing)?

·         Would you mind……..  (+ V ing)?

·         Can you………………  (+ VI)

Giving a favor / Offering help:

·         Can I ……...................................   (+ VI)

·         Let me………………………….    (+VI)

·         Do you want something to……..    ?

·         Shall I get you to……………….    ?

·         What can I do…………………..    ?

·         Can I do something…………….    ?

Responses:

Accepting a favor:                                           Refusing to do a favor:

·         Sure                                               I’am sorry, I can’t………….

·         Certainly                                       Sorry………………………

·         Of course, thank you                    I am afraid I can’t…………

·         Okay

·         Not at all, alright

·         I would like too

Asking for Permission:

·         Can I ………………….. + (VI)?

·         Could I ………………..  + (VI)?

·         May I …………………   + (VI)?

·         Do you mind if + S + VI……….?

·         Would you mind + V ing………?

·         Would you mind if + S + VI…...?

·         Do you mind + V ing…………..?

Responses:

Giving permission:                                          Refusing permission:                          

·         Yes, you can                                 Sorry…………………….

·         Okay                                             I’m sorry, you can’t……..

·         Sure                                               I’m afraid not……………

·         Of course

·         No problem