https://skfb.ly/XOqD

Adjectives ending in ED and ING

English Grammar Notes

There are many adjectives that we have in English that end in -ED or -ING.
Yes, that's correct, they are not only endings that we use for verbs!

An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person, a thing or a situation.

An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling (or how a person feels) or an emotion. It is used to describe a temporary thing. Since only people (and some animals) have feelings, -ed adjectives cannot be used to describe an object or situation.

Compare the difference:

• My girlfriend is bored. - (My girlfriend feels bored)
• My girlfriend is boring. - (My girlfriend is a boring person)

You can use these adjectives to describe people or situations but be careful that you are using the correct adjective. For example, there is a big difference in meaning between:

• I am confused. - (I don't understand something)
• I am confusing. - (I will cause you to be confused)

Note that the sentences below are to highlight the difference between the two types of adjectives. They are NOT common to do or say because they sound repetitive.

• I was shocked by how shocking the accident was last night.
• They were frightened by the frightening roller-coaster ride!
• I am annoyed by how annoying that person in front of us is.
• Sally was confused by the confusing street signs in the city.

Example sentences of adjectives ending in -ED and -ING

• This grammar lesson is boring. I am bored reading all about these grammar rules.
• I am tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight).
• Public toilets are usually disgusting. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
• Your speech was very inspiring. I am now inspired to do wonderful things with my life.

Also see our article about the Pronunciation of words ending in -ED.

Summary chart

 

List of Adjectives ending in -ED and -ING

There is quite a long list of adjectives ending in -ED and -ING in English, and most of them are based on a verb that can be changed into an adjective by adding either -ED or -ING.

Some of the more common ones include:

• Alarmed - Alarming
• Aggravated - Aggravating
• Amused - Amusing
• Annoyed - Annoying
• Astonished - Astonishing
• Astounded - Astounding
• Bored - Boring
• Captivated - Captivating
• Challenged - Challenging
• Charmed - Charming
• Comforted - Comforting
• Confused - Confusing
• Convinced - Convincing
• Depressed - Depressing
• Disappointed - Disappointing
• Discouraged - Discouraging
• Disgusted - Disgusting
• Distressed - Distressing
• Disturbed - Disturbing
• Embarrassed - Embarrassing
• Encouraged - Encouraging
• Entertained - Entertaining
• Excited - Exciting
• Exhausted - Exhausting
• Fascinated - Fascinating
• Frightened - Frightening
• Frustrated - Frustrating
• Fulfilled - Fulfilling
• Gratified - Gratifying
• Inspired - Inspiring
• Insulted - Insulting
• Interested - Interesting
• Moved - Moving
• Overwhelmed - Overwhelming
• Perplexed - Perplexing
• Pleased - Pleasing
• Relaxed - Relaxing
• Relieved - Relieving
• Satisfied - Satisfying
• Shocked - Shocking
• Sickened - Sickening
• Soothed - Soothing
• Surprised - Surprising
• Tempted - Tempting
• Terrified - Terrifying
• Threatened - Threatening
• Thrilled - Thrilling
• Tired - Tiring
• Touched - Touching
• Troubled - Troubling
• Unsettled - Unsettling
• Worried - Worrying

Pengertian, Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past 

Pengertian Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Pada simple past tense, waktu kejadian (yesterday, last two days, last year) atau periode waktunya (for two months, for a day, for an hour) dapat disebutkan secara spesifik.

Rumus Simple Past Tense

Simple past tense dibentuk dari verb-2 (past tense) atau linking verb “be” (was, were). Apa itu verb-2? Verb-2 merupakan bare infinitive (bentuk dasar verb) dengan tambahan -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne untuk regular verb atau bentuk yang tidak konsisten pada irregular verb. [Baca juga: Regular dan Irregular Verb]

Was yang merupakan singular verb digunakan pada singular subject (seperti: I, she, he, it,Andi, dan the cat) kecuali “you”, sebaliknya were yang merupakan plural verb digunakan pada plural subject (seperti: you, they, we, Andi and Susi, dan the cats). [Baca juga:Subject-Verb Agreement]

Berikut rumus simple past tense untuk kalimat positif, negatif, dan interogatif.

Jenis Kalimat	Rumus	Contoh Simple Past Tense
positif (+)	S + Verb-2 (past tense) S + be(was/were)	The teacher came
		I was a stamp collector
negatif (-)	S + did + not + bare infinitive S + be(was/were) + not	The teacher didn’t come
		I wasn’t a stamp collector
interogatif (?)	Did + S + bare infinitive be(was/were) + S	Did the teacher come
		Was I a stamp collector

Beberapa Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Past Tense

Fungsi	Contoh kalimat Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense untuk membicarakan aksi yang terjadi dengan durasi waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Preposition “for” dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan periode waktu kejadian.	Vina and I went to the Ragunan zoo three months ago. (Saya dan Vina pergi Ragunan tiga bulan lalu.)
	Did he come on time yesterday? (Apakah dia datang tepat waktu kemarin?)
	The party started at 10.00 a.m. (Pesta mulai jam sepuluh pagi.)
	Did you sleep enough last night? (Apa kamu cukup tidur semalam?)
	I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years. (Saya belajar teknik sipil selama hampir 4 tahun.)
Simple past tense untuk membicarakan kebiasaan pada masa lampau. Subordinate conjunction “when” biasanya digunakan pada situasi ini.	I often did exercises in the gym when I lived in Bandung. (Saya sering berlatih di gym ketika tinggal di Bandung.)
	When I was a senior high school student, I always got upat 4 am to study. (Ketika saya sma, saya selalu bangun jam 4 pagi untuk belajar.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada aksi berdurasi pendek (simple past tense) yang terjadi ketika suatu aksi berdurasi panjang (past continuous tense) sedang berlangsung.	I was reading a journal in the library when someoneburped out loud. (Saya sedang membaca jurnal di perpustakaan ketika seseorang bersendawa keras.)
Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu aksi (simple past tense) langsung mengikuti aksi yang telah selesai (past perfect tense).	I had already finished my breakfast when he picked meup. (Saya telah selesai sarapan ketika dia menjemput.)
Simple past tense digunakan padaconditional sentence type 2.	If she studied hard, she would be pass. (Jika dia belajar keras, dia akan lulus.)
	I would buy a sport car if I had much money. (Saya akan membeli mobil sport jika punya uang banyak.)

Pengertian, Penggunaan, Fungsi Gerund dan Contohnya

A. Pengertian Gerund.Sebelum membahas fungsi Gerund, mari kita definisikan dulu apa itu Gerund. Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda sehingga dapat berfungsi sebagai subjek, objek dan pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat, juga di belakang sebuah preposisi. Bentuk gerund biasanya disebutverb+ing. Mungkin istilah itulah yang biasa kita kenal selama ini mengenai gerund. Singkatnya, Gerund adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb) + ing.

B. Fungsi Gerund.

Sebagaimana dijelaskan di atas, bahwa Gerund dapat berfungsi subjek, objek maupun pelengkap.

1. Sebagai Subjek.
   Contoh:
   – Swimming is a good sport.
   – Working a whole day makes me tired.
2. Sebagai Objek Kalimat.
   Contoh:
   – I dislike Cheating.
   – I like Reading
3. Sebagai Pelengkap (Complement).
   Contoh:
   – The most activity I hate is sleeping.
   – My hobby is fishing.

C. Penggunaan Gerund.

Beberapa kata, seperti adjectives (kata sifat), preposition (kata depan) dan verbs (kata kerja) harus diikuti oleh bentuk Verb-ing (gerund).

1. Penggunaan Gerund setelah adjectives (dengan preposition)
   Adjectives + preposition berikut harus diikuti dengan bentuk -ING:
   Afraid of, angry about/at, clever at, interested in, proud of, crazy about, disappointed about, excitedabout, famous for, fond of, sorry about, worried about.
   Contoh:
   – He’s afraid of going by plane.
   – I am interested in visiting the museum.
   – The girl is crazy about playing tennis.
   – I’m worried about making mistakes.
2. Penggunaan Gerund setelah Preposisi.
   Preposisi-preposisi berikut ini harus diikuti oleh gerund :
   About, of, from, about, after, apart from, before, by, in, instead of, on, without.
   Contoh:
   – Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
   – She avoided him by walking on the opposite side of the road.
   – We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
   – He told the joke without laughing.
3. Penggunaan Gerund setelah Verbs (kata kerja).
   Kata kerja berikut ini harus diikuti oleh gerund:
   Admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, suggest, understand, miss, reject, consider, prefer, delay, deny, dislike/like, enjoy, fond, resist, continue, imagine, permit, practice.
   Contoh:
   – He admitted having driven too fast.
   – Ralph is considering buying a new house.
   – I delayed telling Max the news.
   – They miss playing with their friends.

VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN INFINITIVE IN THE COMPLEMENT

Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive for a verb in the complement.

            Agree              Decide             Hesitate           Need               Refuse

            Appear                        Demand          Hope               Offer               Seem

            Arrange           Deserve           Intend             Plan                 Tend

Ask                  Expect             Learn               Prepare            Threaten

Claim               Fail                  Manage           Pretend            Wait

Consent           Forget              Mean               Promise           Want

Example:

• We had planned to leave the day before yesterday
• He wanted to speak with Mr.  Brown
• WE demand to know our status
• The weather tends to improve in May

VERBS THAT REQUIRE AN –ING FORM IN THE COMPLEMENT

Remember that the following verbs require an –ing form for a verb in the complement

            Admit              Consider          Finish              Practice           Risk

Appreciate       Delay               Keep                Quit                 Stop

Avoid              Deny               Mention           Recall              Suggest

Complete         Discuss            Miss                 Recommend    Tolerate

Consider          Enjoy               Postpone         Regret             Understand

Example:

• He enjoys traveling by plane
• She is considering not going
• I miss watching the news when I am traveling
• She mentions stopping at EL Paso in her letter

VERB PHRASES THAT REQUIRE AN –ING FORM IN THE COMPLEMENT

Remember that the following verbs phrases require an –ing form for a verb in the complement.

Approve of                  Do not mind    Keep on                       Think of

Be better off               Forget about    Look forward to

Can’t help                   Get through     Object to

Count on                     in sist on          Think about

Example:

• She forget about canceling her appointment
• Let’s go to the movie when you get through studying
• I have been looking forward to meeting you
• We wouldn’t mind waiting

HOW TO USE “WHO” QUESTION

Note: “Who” adalah kata tanya yang menanyakan siapa.

 “Who” disini digunakan sebagai pengganti subject

Who + Auxilary verb + S + P + O?

Example:         Who are you?

            Who works in that office?

            Who will you invite in party tomorrow?

            Who will make you happy?

INTERROGATIVE WORDS (KATA TANYA)

Note: Apabila kita memekai kata-kata pertanyaan (interrogative word) dibawah ini, harus didepan       kalimat sebelum kata kerja Bantu (Auxilary Verb)

When = Apabila / kapan                  How = Bagaimana

Where = Dimana / kamana              Who = Siapa (Subject)

Why = Mengapa                              Whom = Siapa (Object)

What = Apa, berapa                        Whose = Milik siapa

Which = yang mana

Interrogative words + Auxilary verbs + S + P + …….?

Example:         When will you be back?

         Where is she going?

         Why does he want to eat?

         What is the correct verb?

         Which shoes do you like?

         How do you read it?

         Who will make you happy?

         Whom do they help?

         Whose book is this?

Note: Who (digunakan sebagai pengganti subject)

 Whom (digunakan sebagai pengganti object)

v   Untuk “WHAT”, “WHICH”, dan “WHOSE” subject dapat ditempatkan didepan kata kerja Bantu (Auxilary Verb)

Example:         What book do you read?

                        Which book do you buy?

                        Whose car is that?

FORMING SINGLE AND PLURAL OBJECTS

NOUNS (kata benda)

Nomina adalah bentuk jamak dibentuk dengan menambahkan

a)      –S pada nomina (kata benda) tunggal dan diucapkan sebagai /S/ setelah /F/, /K/, /P/, /T/ dan sebagai /Z/? setelah bunyi lain

Example:

  Voice /S/: Chief - Chiefs

                   Book – Books

                   Cap – Caps

 Cat – Cats

                          Voice / Z/: Comb – Combs

                                            Banana – Bananas

                                            Bed – Beds

b)      –ES pada nomina tunggal yang terakhir dengan huruf S, SS, SH, CH, dan X dan diungkapkan sebagai /IZ/

Example: Bus – buses

                Dress – Dresses

                Brush – Brushes

                Watch – Watches

                Box – Boxes

                Etc

Ada beberapa kata benda (nomina) lainnya yang mendapat tambahan –ES, contoh (nomina yang berakhiran huruf –O)

Example: Tomato – Tomatoes

                       Mosquito – Mosquitoes

                     Buffalo – Buffaloes

                     Volcano – Volcanoes

                     Etc

Except: Radio – Radios

             Piano – Pianos

             Photo – Photos

             Dynamo – Dynamos

c)      Nomina tertentu tidak mengalami penambahan –S/ES:

Bentuk jamak singular dan plural sama

Example:

            Sheep = sheep (biri – biri)

            Deer = deer (rusa / menjangan )

d)     Nomina berikut mengalami perubahan beberapa huruf dan termasuk yg tidak berurutan (irregular).

Example:   Child - Children 

                  Man – Men

                  Mouse – Mice

                  Foot – Feet

                  Tooth – Teeth

                  Goose – Geese

                  Woman – Women

                  Ox – Oxen

e)      (F) berubah menjadi /V/:

Example:

            Wife – Wives

            Wolf – Wolves

            Knife – Knives

            Leaf – Leaves

            Life – Lives

            Shelf – Shelves

            Self – Selves

            Elf – Elves

Except:

            Roof - Roof

            Chief – Chiefs

            Hoof – Hoofs (Kuku kuda)

f)       (Y) berubah menjadi (IE + S):

Example:

            City – Cities

            Baby – Babies

            Enemy – Enemies

ADJECTIVES PHRASES/ADJECTIVES ORDER

Pengertian Adjective Order

Adjective berfungsi untuk menerangkan noun. Biasanya posisi adjective di depan nounyang diterangkannya (fungsi attributive). Ketika menerangkan noun, mungkin digunakan lebih dari satu adjective.

Pada situasi ini, kita perlu menggunakan adjective order (urutan adjective dalam bahasa Inggris berdasarkan kategori) untuk menempatkan setiap kata sifat tersebut pada posisi yang tepat.

Tabel Adjective Order

Urutan	Kategori	Penjelasan	Contoh
1	Opinion	menyatakan pendapat tentang sesuatu	beautiful, dilligent, delicious, easy, good, important, nice, tidy
2	Size	menyatakan seberapa besar atau kecil suatu kata benda	big, enormous, large, little, small
3	Age	menyatakan seberapa tua atau muda suatu kata benda	ancient, antique, new, old, young
4	Shape	menyatakan bentuk suatu kata benda	annular, flat, hexagonal, rectangular, round, short, square
5	Color	warna suatu kata benda benda	black, blue, brownish, green, purple, reddish, white
6	Origin	kebangsaan	Canadian, eastern, French, Greek, Indonesian, Thai
7	Material	menyatakan suatu benda terbuat dari apa	cotton, gold, marble, silk, wooden
8	Purpose	menjelaskan sesuatu digunakan untuk apa (biasanya menggunakan adjective berupapresent participle)	meeting, travelling, sleeping, swimming, touring

Ketika menerangkan noun, dua adjective pada kategori yang sama dapat digunakan secara bersamaan dengan tanda bacacomma (dapat dipisahkan pula dengan coodinate conjunctionand atau but). Adapun tiga atau lebih adjective dari kategori yang sama pisahkan dengan comma dan coordinate conjunction “and” atau “or”.

Contoh:

• the small, important component (the small but important component)
• a smart, talented, and communicative worker

Contoh Adjective Order

Beberapa contoh adjective order yang membentuk noun phrase adalah sebagai berikut.

Det.	Opinion	Size	Age	Shape	Color	Origin	Material	Purpose	Noun
a	beautiful	small					wooden		house
the	luxurious	large		square				swimming	pool
his	healthy			curly	reddish				hair
some	delicious					Italian			dishes
two	happy		young					married	couples

1.      Adjectives member penjelasan atau membatasi noun (kata benda)

Contoh : The girl is beautiful

               I like a polite child

Umumnya, adjectives membatasi noun dari segi umur, warna, ukuran, bahkan bentuk, pendapat, asal, dan tujuan. Urutannya adalah :

a.       Opinion (pendapat)     : beautiful, wonderful, poor, great

b.      Size (ukuran)               : big, small, tiny, huge

c.       Age (umur)                  : old, young, elderly

d.      Shape (bentuk)            : triangular, circular

e.       Colour (warna)            : brown, red, white

f.       Origin (asal)                : asmat, javanese

g.      Material (bahan)          : wooden, golden, plastic

h.      Purpose (tujuan)          : for dining, dining table

2.      Adjective phrases terdiri dari 2 atau lebih adjectives (kata sifat) yang mengikuti urutan.

Contoh     : This is a great tiny ancient oval yellow Chinese golden mirror

                                    O      S       A       S        C           O         M

                   I like a beautiful tall young slim Chinese girl

                                     O        S      A       S        O